Agnosticism / Atheism: Most Popular Articles
These articles are the most popular over the last month.
Self Portrait of Leonardo Da Vinci: Who Was Leonardo Da Vinci? Leonardo Da Vinci: Renaissance Humanist, Artist
Leonardo Da Vinci, born in the village of Vinci in Tuscany, Italy, on April 15, 1452, was one of the most important artistic figures of the Renaissance. While people may realize that he as an important artist, though, they don't generally realize how important he was as an early skeptic, naturalist, materialist, and scientist. There is no evidence that he was an atheist, but he is a role model in how to approach both scientific and artistic problems from a naturalistic, skeptical perspective.
Leonardo Da Vinci, born in the village of Vinci in Tuscany, Italy, on April 15, 1452, was one of the most important artistic figures of the Renaissance. While people may realize that he as an important artist, though, they don't generally realize how important he was as an early skeptic, naturalist, materialist, and scientist. There is no evidence that he was an atheist, but he is a role model in how to approach both scientific and artistic problems from a naturalistic, skeptical perspective.
Leonardo Da Vinci: Last Supper, painting by Leonardo Da Vinci, 1498, Detail from the Middle
One interesting claim made by Dan Brown and followers of his ideas is that there is no cup in Leonardo Da Vinci's Last Supper. They use this as evidence for the idea that the 'real' Holy Gail wasn't a cup at all, but Mary Magdalene who was married to Jesus and the mother of his child whose descendants were, among others, the Merovingian Dynasty. This terrible "secret" is supposed to be something that Catholic Church officials are willing to kill over.
One interesting claim made by Dan Brown and followers of his ideas is that there is no cup in Leonardo Da Vinci's Last Supper. They use this as evidence for the idea that the 'real' Holy Gail wasn't a cup at all, but Mary Magdalene who was married to Jesus and the mother of his child whose descendants were, among others, the Merovingian Dynasty. This terrible "secret" is supposed to be something that Catholic Church officials are willing to kill over.
Barack Obama's Religion
Barack Obama's religious background is more diverse than that of most prominent politicians, but it may prove to be representative of future generations of Americans who grow up in an increasingly diverse America. His mother was raised by non-practicing Christians; his father was raised a Muslim but was an atheist by the time he had married Obama's mother. Neither Obama nor his mother were ever atheists, but she raised him in a relatively secular household where he learned about religion.
Barack Obama's religious background is more diverse than that of most prominent politicians, but it may prove to be representative of future generations of Americans who grow up in an increasingly diverse America. His mother was raised by non-practicing Christians; his father was raised a Muslim but was an atheist by the time he had married Obama's mother. Neither Obama nor his mother were ever atheists, but she raised him in a relatively secular household where he learned about religion.
Zeus: Images of Ancient Greek Mythology, Religion, Art
This image is probably of Zeus sitting on his throne in the Temple of Zeus in Delphi. This was perhaps the most famous of all temples dedicated to Zeus in Greece, in part because of Phidias' massive statue. Pausanias gave the most detailed description of the statue
This image is probably of Zeus sitting on his throne in the Temple of Zeus in Delphi. This was perhaps the most famous of all temples dedicated to Zeus in Greece, in part because of Phidias' massive statue. Pausanias gave the most detailed description of the statue
Columns of Greek Temples: Secular and Religious Meanings - Doric, Ionic, Corinthian Columns and their Meanings
One of the most prominent features of Greek temples is their columns - although columns appear in architecture all around the world, they appear here in an especially significant form. The ancient Greeks constructed their temples along very specific lines, and that included their columns. Over the centuries three different styles (also called Orders) of column were used: Doric, Ionic, and Corinthian.
One of the most prominent features of Greek temples is their columns - although columns appear in architecture all around the world, they appear here in an especially significant form. The ancient Greeks constructed their temples along very specific lines, and that included their columns. Over the centuries three different styles (also called Orders) of column were used: Doric, Ionic, and Corinthian.
Atheism vs. Agnosticism
Many people who adopt the label of agnostic reject the label of atheist - there is a common perception that agnosticism is a more "reasonable" position while atheism is more "dogmatic," ultimately indistinguishable from theism except in the details. Is this a valid position to take?
Many people who adopt the label of agnostic reject the label of atheist - there is a common perception that agnosticism is a more "reasonable" position while atheism is more "dogmatic," ultimately indistinguishable from theism except in the details. Is this a valid position to take?
Witchcraft & Satanism: Linking Witches & Satan out of Ignorance, to Encourage Fear and Hatred
Religious and political authorities of various eras and different cultures have always found it convenient to associate their enemies with the worst possible evil they could imagine. In the Christian west, this generally meant associating enemies with Satan. These sort of extreme demonization allows a person to stop seeing their enemy as entirely human and the conflict as something which does not require mercy, traditionally just procedures, or anything of the kind.
Religious and political authorities of various eras and different cultures have always found it convenient to associate their enemies with the worst possible evil they could imagine. In the Christian west, this generally meant associating enemies with Satan. These sort of extreme demonization allows a person to stop seeing their enemy as entirely human and the conflict as something which does not require mercy, traditionally just procedures, or anything of the kind.
Godless Science vs. Religion
The debate between science and religion goes on without resolve and without satisfaction for any involved. We might get somewhere if we narrowed the terms of debate a bit: on what grounds are we attempting to compare the two? There are many possible points of comparison; here I shall briefly summarize how science is superior to religion in terms of improving the lives, health, and welfare of humanity on a very basic level and all around the world.
The debate between science and religion goes on without resolve and without satisfaction for any involved. We might get somewhere if we narrowed the terms of debate a bit: on what grounds are we attempting to compare the two? There are many possible points of comparison; here I shall briefly summarize how science is superior to religion in terms of improving the lives, health, and welfare of humanity on a very basic level and all around the world.
Science FAQ: What is Science?
Science FAQ: What is science? What isn't science? An attempt to develop a reasonable and understandable definition of science, relying upon the methods of science and what distinguishes science from other pursuits.
Science FAQ: What is science? What isn't science? An attempt to develop a reasonable and understandable definition of science, relying upon the methods of science and what distinguishes science from other pursuits.
objective vs. subjective
Glossary of Religion and Philosophy - objective vs. subjective
Glossary of Religion and Philosophy - objective vs. subjective
Science FAQ: Scientific Theories
Science FAQ: What are scientific theories? What makes an idea scientific? An explanation of the various logical, empirical, sociological, historical and even legal criteria used to define science and scientific theories.
Science FAQ: What are scientific theories? What makes an idea scientific? An explanation of the various logical, empirical, sociological, historical and even legal criteria used to define science and scientific theories.
Noah Sends a Dove from the Ark: Genesis 8:6-12
Also he sent forth a dove from him, to see if the waters were abated from off the face of the ground; But the dove found no rest for the sole of her foot, and she returned unto him into the ark, ... And he stayed yet other seven days; and again he sent forth the dove out of the ark; And the dove came in to him in the evening; and, lo, in her mouth was an olive leaf pluckt off: so Noah knew that the waters were abated from off the earth.
Also he sent forth a dove from him, to see if the waters were abated from off the face of the ground; But the dove found no rest for the sole of her foot, and she returned unto him into the ark, ... And he stayed yet other seven days; and again he sent forth the dove out of the ark; And the dove came in to him in the evening; and, lo, in her mouth was an olive leaf pluckt off: so Noah knew that the waters were abated from off the earth.
Hermes / Mercury by Giambologna: Images of Ancient Greek Mythology, Religion, Art
The sculpture of Mercury (Hermes) by Giambologna is one of his most famous and is familiar to people all over the world. It depicts Hermes standing on a column of air coming from the mouth of Zephyr, creating an illusion of floating.
The sculpture of Mercury (Hermes) by Giambologna is one of his most famous and is familiar to people all over the world. It depicts Hermes standing on a column of air coming from the mouth of Zephyr, creating an illusion of floating.
Peter the Apostle: Profile
There are two reasons why Peter is important for understanding Christianity. First, he is treated as a model for Christians to follow. In theory, Christians are expect to act as Peter is described as acting - for better and for worse. Second, the gospels describe Jesus as calling Peter his 'rock' upon which the future church would be built. After his martyrdom in Rome, traditions developed which led to the belief that the most important Christian church organization was located in Rome.
There are two reasons why Peter is important for understanding Christianity. First, he is treated as a model for Christians to follow. In theory, Christians are expect to act as Peter is described as acting - for better and for worse. Second, the gospels describe Jesus as calling Peter his 'rock' upon which the future church would be built. After his martyrdom in Rome, traditions developed which led to the belief that the most important Christian church organization was located in Rome.
Joan of Arc, Witch and Heretic: Powerful Women Had to Fear the Accusation of Witchcraft
Although accusations of witchcraft seem to have been most commonly made against older women who lived on the margins of society and who may have become socially troublesome, there is also evidence that women who were too powerful could become targets as well. Joan of Arc is one famous example of a woman who achieved a great deal but was then burned as a witch for her trouble.
Although accusations of witchcraft seem to have been most commonly made against older women who lived on the margins of society and who may have become socially troublesome, there is also evidence that women who were too powerful could become targets as well. Joan of Arc is one famous example of a woman who achieved a great deal but was then burned as a witch for her trouble.
Why Don't Atheists Believe?
A common question which atheists hear a lot is 'why don't you believe in God?' Theists, religious or not, have trouble imagining why anyone would not believe in at least some sort of god, preferably their own. When a belief occupies such a central place in a person's life and even identity, this is understandable. The fact is, there are many reasons why atheists might not believe in any gods. Most atheists can cite multiple reasons and every atheist is different.
A common question which atheists hear a lot is 'why don't you believe in God?' Theists, religious or not, have trouble imagining why anyone would not believe in at least some sort of god, preferably their own. When a belief occupies such a central place in a person's life and even identity, this is understandable. The fact is, there are many reasons why atheists might not believe in any gods. Most atheists can cite multiple reasons and every atheist is different.
Beware of Skepticism, Atheism, Secularism: Faith is So Important that Skepticism, Questioning, Doubt are Intolerable
Faith is a critical pillar in the religious ideology of Christian Nationalists. This image was taken from a World War II poster warning members of the armed forces about women who look 'clean' but might be carrying sexually transmitted diseases. I chose this to convey the idea of warning Christians to be careful about whom they date because of the irony: a number of Christians groups encourage members to date outsider for no reason other than to gain new recruits and 'save' their souls.
Faith is a critical pillar in the religious ideology of Christian Nationalists. This image was taken from a World War II poster warning members of the armed forces about women who look 'clean' but might be carrying sexually transmitted diseases. I chose this to convey the idea of warning Christians to be careful about whom they date because of the irony: a number of Christians groups encourage members to date outsider for no reason other than to gain new recruits and 'save' their souls.
Philosophy of Science: What is Science?
Philosophy of Science: what is science? what isn't it? What is the scientific method? What is a scientific theory? How do scientists use terms like hypothesis, theory, truth and law?
Philosophy of Science: what is science? what isn't it? What is the scientific method? What is a scientific theory? How do scientists use terms like hypothesis, theory, truth and law?
China - Religion
Religion in China.
Religion in China.
Executing Witches and Eliminating Witchcraft: Killing Witches as the Best Way to Kill Witchcraft
Burning and hanging were the most popular forms of execution for accused witches in medieval Europe. Burning seems to have been most common in continental Europe while hanging was more common in Britain -- and thus also in the American colonies later as well. The death penalty was imposed on a wide variety of crimes in this era, but witchcraft in particular was punished by death on the basis of Exodus 22:18.
Burning and hanging were the most popular forms of execution for accused witches in medieval Europe. Burning seems to have been most common in continental Europe while hanging was more common in Britain -- and thus also in the American colonies later as well. The death penalty was imposed on a wide variety of crimes in this era, but witchcraft in particular was punished by death on the basis of Exodus 22:18.
Witch Hunts & Persecution in America: Salem as an Iconic Example of Social Persecution
As most Americans know, witch hunts also affected the American colonies. The Salem witch trials pursued the Massachusetts Puritans have entered American consciousness as being much more then just the killing of witches. They, like the trials of Europe, have become a symbol. In our case, the witch trials have become a symbol of what can go wrong when mobs of ignorant people go crazy, especially when egged on by just as ignorant and/or power hungry leaders.
As most Americans know, witch hunts also affected the American colonies. The Salem witch trials pursued the Massachusetts Puritans have entered American consciousness as being much more then just the killing of witches. They, like the trials of Europe, have become a symbol. In our case, the witch trials have become a symbol of what can go wrong when mobs of ignorant people go crazy, especially when egged on by just as ignorant and/or power hungry leaders.
Atheism 101
I see a lot of misunderstandings and errors about atheism and atheists all over the net. People don't understand what atheism is, what the definition of atheism is, or the difference between atheism and agnosticism. People claim that atheism is a religion, that it requires faith, that it's a form of denial, that there are no real atheists, and that there are no atheists in foxholes. This introduction to atheism answers most of the most common questions and mistakes about atheism.
I see a lot of misunderstandings and errors about atheism and atheists all over the net. People don't understand what atheism is, what the definition of atheism is, or the difference between atheism and agnosticism. People claim that atheism is a religion, that it requires faith, that it's a form of denial, that there are no real atheists, and that there are no atheists in foxholes. This introduction to atheism answers most of the most common questions and mistakes about atheism.
Ares / Mars: Images of Ancient Greek Mythology, Religion, Art
Because Ares, the Greek god of war, represented all of the worst aspects of warfare, battle, and slaughter, worship of him was not very common or extensive in Greece. He was more popular in northern Greece like Trace, but even here temple sites are pretty rare.
Because Ares, the Greek god of war, represented all of the worst aspects of warfare, battle, and slaughter, worship of him was not very common or extensive in Greece. He was more popular in northern Greece like Trace, but even here temple sites are pretty rare.
Continuity of Modern Lebanon & Ancient Phoenicia: Map & Flag of Modern Lebanon Showing Continuity of Ancient Sites with Modern Cities
This map of modern Lebanon reveals some of the continuity between ancient Phoenicia and the modern Lebanese state. The northern-most Phoenician city-state was Arvad, just a bit beyond the northern borders of Lebanon; the southern-most Phoenician city-state was Akko, known today as Acre, and it lies just inside the Israeli border. The boundaries of ancient Phoenicia thus looked like a slightly extended version of modern Lebanon.
This map of modern Lebanon reveals some of the continuity between ancient Phoenicia and the modern Lebanese state. The northern-most Phoenician city-state was Arvad, just a bit beyond the northern borders of Lebanon; the southern-most Phoenician city-state was Akko, known today as Acre, and it lies just inside the Israeli border. The boundaries of ancient Phoenicia thus looked like a slightly extended version of modern Lebanon.
Hera: Images of Ancient Greek Mythology, Religion, Art
Both brother and husband of Zeus, Hera is queen of the gods. The Greeks revered her as protector of marriage, especially married women. This may be because she had such a difficult marriage herself. Zeus was not the least bit faithful, always succumbing to his lust for other women - mortal as well as immortal.
Both brother and husband of Zeus, Hera is queen of the gods. The Greeks revered her as protector of marriage, especially married women. This may be because she had such a difficult marriage herself. Zeus was not the least bit faithful, always succumbing to his lust for other women - mortal as well as immortal.
Confessing Witches: Under Torture, Accused Witches Would Confess to Almost Anything
Confessions of witchcraft, extracted under torture or threat of torture, commonly came attached to denouncements of other possible witches, keeping the Inquisitors in business. In Spain, church records tell the story of Maria of Ituren admitting under torture that she and sister witches turned themselves into horses and galloped through the sky. In a district of France, 600 women admitted to copulating with demons. Some entire villages in Europe were may have been exterminated.
Confessions of witchcraft, extracted under torture or threat of torture, commonly came attached to denouncements of other possible witches, keeping the Inquisitors in business. In Spain, church records tell the story of Maria of Ituren admitting under torture that she and sister witches turned themselves into horses and galloped through the sky. In a district of France, 600 women admitted to copulating with demons. Some entire villages in Europe were may have been exterminated.
Phoenician Alphabet: Language, Writing, Alphabets Reveal Cultural Continuity in the Near East
In the above image, just a piece of a larger chart, standard Egyptian hieroglyphs appear to the left and next to them is Hieratic, a cursive script derived from the hieroglyphs. Next to that is Phoenician, itself already well developed from an earlier alphabet known as Proto-Canaanite. The similarities between Phoenician and Hieratic are clear; Proto-Canaanite, which doesn't appear in this chart, is usually a clear middle point between them.
In the above image, just a piece of a larger chart, standard Egyptian hieroglyphs appear to the left and next to them is Hieratic, a cursive script derived from the hieroglyphs. Next to that is Phoenician, itself already well developed from an earlier alphabet known as Proto-Canaanite. The similarities between Phoenician and Hieratic are clear; Proto-Canaanite, which doesn't appear in this chart, is usually a clear middle point between them.
Sex & Interrogation of Witches: Did Witches Symbolize Female Sexuality and Power to a Patriarchal Church?
It witches and witchcraft have become imbued with an identity that reaches far beyond their own existence, if they have become a symbol for something larger for Christians, then what are they a symbol of? It seems to me that witches served a symbolic role for the male, celibate religious authorities in Europe. Witches were not simply adherents to an alternative religiosity, and they certainly weren't turning whole towns into toads.
It witches and witchcraft have become imbued with an identity that reaches far beyond their own existence, if they have become a symbol for something larger for Christians, then what are they a symbol of? It seems to me that witches served a symbolic role for the male, celibate religious authorities in Europe. Witches were not simply adherents to an alternative religiosity, and they certainly weren't turning whole towns into toads.
Torture & Sexual Repression: How the Torture of Witches Revealed the Sexual Repression of Inquisitors
Interrogations of witches followed many standard Inquisition procedures, but with some added bonuses. Accused witches were all stripped naked, had all of their body hair shaved of, and then pricked. Red-hot tongs were applied to womens' breasts and genitalia. Researcher Nancy van Vuuren has written that 'The women's sex organs provided special attraction for the male torturer.'
Interrogations of witches followed many standard Inquisition procedures, but with some added bonuses. Accused witches were all stripped naked, had all of their body hair shaved of, and then pricked. Red-hot tongs were applied to womens' breasts and genitalia. Researcher Nancy van Vuuren has written that 'The women's sex organs provided special attraction for the male torturer.'
Leonardo Da Vinci: Full Image Last Supper, painting by Leonardo Da Vinci, 1498
The Lord's Supper, which was the final meal of Jesus with his disciples and the time when he is recorded as having instituted the communion celebration, has been the subject of innumerable artistic interpretations. Perhaps the most famous is the painting Last Supper, created by Leonardo Da Vinci in 1498 for Duke Lodovico Sforza and painted in the Dominican church of Santa Maria delle Grazie, the duke's family chapel and burial place.
The Lord's Supper, which was the final meal of Jesus with his disciples and the time when he is recorded as having instituted the communion celebration, has been the subject of innumerable artistic interpretations. Perhaps the most famous is the painting Last Supper, created by Leonardo Da Vinci in 1498 for Duke Lodovico Sforza and painted in the Dominican church of Santa Maria delle Grazie, the duke's family chapel and burial place.
Church / State Separation: Myths and Misconceptions
Separation of Church and State: Myths and Misconceptions. What are some of the misunderstandings and myths which some people have about the separation of church and state? Learn what church / state separation is really about.
Separation of Church and State: Myths and Misconceptions. What are some of the misunderstandings and myths which some people have about the separation of church and state? Learn what church / state separation is really about.
Athena: Images of Ancient Greek Mythology, Religion, Art
The Greek goddess Athena was considered the child of Zeus alone for Zeus had swallowed her mother, Metis, and gave birth to Athena himself through his head and fully grown. She a goddess of civilization and war, reason and violence.
The Greek goddess Athena was considered the child of Zeus alone for Zeus had swallowed her mother, Metis, and gave birth to Athena himself through his head and fully grown. She a goddess of civilization and war, reason and violence.
Vitruvius, the Virtuvian Man, by Leonardo Da Vinci: Leonardo Da Vinci & Science, Observation, Empiricism, and Mathematics
Born in the village of Vinci in Tuscany, Italy, on April 15, 1452, Leonardo was one of the most important artistic figures of the Renaissance. He was involved with painting, architecture, sculpture, engineering, anatomy, and more. An illegitimate child, his artistic talents were recognized early on and he was sent to study under a master goldsmith. Today he is regarded as one of the greatest painters who ever lived, though many of his final works haven't survived.
Born in the village of Vinci in Tuscany, Italy, on April 15, 1452, Leonardo was one of the most important artistic figures of the Renaissance. He was involved with painting, architecture, sculpture, engineering, anatomy, and more. An illegitimate child, his artistic talents were recognized early on and he was sent to study under a master goldsmith. Today he is regarded as one of the greatest painters who ever lived, though many of his final works haven't survived.
Ethics as Obedience to God
Deontological moral systems are characterized by a focus upon adherence to independent moral rules or duties. To make the correct moral choices, we have to understand what our moral duties are and what correct rules exist to regulate those duties. When we follow our duty, we are behaving morally. When we fail to follow our duty, we are behaving immorally. Typically in any deontological system, our duties, rules, and obligations are determined by God. Being moral is thus a matter of obeying God.
Deontological moral systems are characterized by a focus upon adherence to independent moral rules or duties. To make the correct moral choices, we have to understand what our moral duties are and what correct rules exist to regulate those duties. When we follow our duty, we are behaving morally. When we fail to follow our duty, we are behaving immorally. Typically in any deontological system, our duties, rules, and obligations are determined by God. Being moral is thus a matter of obeying God.
Arguments Deductive, Inductive
Arguments can be separated into two categories: deductive and inductive. A deductive argument is one in which it is impossible for the premises to be true but the conclusion false. An inductive argument is one in which the premises are supposed to support the conclusion in such a way that if the premises are true, it is improbable that the conclusion would be false.
Arguments can be separated into two categories: deductive and inductive. A deductive argument is one in which it is impossible for the premises to be true but the conclusion false. An inductive argument is one in which the premises are supposed to support the conclusion in such a way that if the premises are true, it is improbable that the conclusion would be false.
Jesus: Holy Foreskin!
The power and popularity of relics in Medieval Europe was dependent upon the saintliness of the original "owner." The ultimate source of relics was Jesus himself, but there was just one problem: it is clear in the New Testament that after his resurrection, Jesus was "carried up to Heaven" - but not all of him. Jesus was a faithful Jew would have been circumcised. So where was his foreskin?
The power and popularity of relics in Medieval Europe was dependent upon the saintliness of the original "owner." The ultimate source of relics was Jesus himself, but there was just one problem: it is clear in the New Testament that after his resurrection, Jesus was "carried up to Heaven" - but not all of him. Jesus was a faithful Jew would have been circumcised. So where was his foreskin?
Muhammad Teaching About Islam: Woe Unto Those Who Disblieve Muhammad
If you hear the revelations of the Prophet Muhammad and don't believe, you're in a lot of trouble: "Woe unto each sinful liar, Who heareth the revelations of Allah recited unto him, and then continueth in pride as though he heard them not. Give him tidings of a painful doom. And when he knoweth aught of Our revelations he maketh it a jest. For such there is a shameful doom. Beyond them there is hell..."
If you hear the revelations of the Prophet Muhammad and don't believe, you're in a lot of trouble: "Woe unto each sinful liar, Who heareth the revelations of Allah recited unto him, and then continueth in pride as though he heard them not. Give him tidings of a painful doom. And when he knoweth aught of Our revelations he maketh it a jest. For such there is a shameful doom. Beyond them there is hell..."
What is an Argument?
When a lot of discussion consists of people creating and critiquing specific arguments, it is helpful to understand just what an argument is and what an argument is not. Sometimes an argument is seen merely as a verbal fight, but that is not what is meant in these discussions. Sometimes a person thinks they are offering an argument when all they are actually providing is assertions.
When a lot of discussion consists of people creating and critiquing specific arguments, it is helpful to understand just what an argument is and what an argument is not. Sometimes an argument is seen merely as a verbal fight, but that is not what is meant in these discussions. Sometimes a person thinks they are offering an argument when all they are actually providing is assertions.
Jerusalem: Map of the Palestine Region, c. 30 CE
Here you can see the area around Jerusalem around the time Jesus is believed to have lived, about 30 CE. At this point there are several political divisions in the region: Judaea, Samaria, and Galilee.
Here you can see the area around Jerusalem around the time Jesus is believed to have lived, about 30 CE. At this point there are several political divisions in the region: Judaea, Samaria, and Galilee.
Illustration of a German Crusader: Knights of the Crusades Gallery
German knights played important roles throughout the Crusades and, during the Third Crusade, they might have been successful in defeating Saladin's armies had Frederick I Barbarossa not drowned on the way.
German knights played important roles throughout the Crusades and, during the Third Crusade, they might have been successful in defeating Saladin's armies had Frederick I Barbarossa not drowned on the way.
Domestic Tranquility
Glossary of Religion and Philosophy - Domestic Tranquility
Glossary of Religion and Philosophy - Domestic Tranquility
Philosophy FAQ: Biographies of Famous Philosophers
Philosophy FAQ: Biographies of Famous Philosophers. This index links to short biographies of famous philosophers, sociologists, psychologists, scientists and more.
Philosophy FAQ: Biographies of Famous Philosophers. This index links to short biographies of famous philosophers, sociologists, psychologists, scientists and more.
Odysseus \ Ulysses & Jesus: Greek & Christian Heroes
Odysseus (Latin: Ulixes, English: Ulysses) is one of the most famous characters in ancient Greek legends, not only for his exploits in the Trojan War but also because of long journey to reach home again afterward. Because Odysseus played such a central role in two of the most important epics of Greek mythology, it should hardly be surprising that the stories of Odysseus might influence later culture and religion. What's unexpected is how they might have influenced stories about Jesus. If it's true that Jesus' life was at least partially patterned after Odysseus', then at the very least the reliability of the gospels is seriously in doubt. Even the historicity of Jesus becomes more questionable.
Odysseus (Latin: Ulixes, English: Ulysses) is one of the most famous characters in ancient Greek legends, not only for his exploits in the Trojan War but also because of long journey to reach home again afterward. Because Odysseus played such a central role in two of the most important epics of Greek mythology, it should hardly be surprising that the stories of Odysseus might influence later culture and religion. What's unexpected is how they might have influenced stories about Jesus. If it's true that Jesus' life was at least partially patterned after Odysseus', then at the very least the reliability of the gospels is seriously in doubt. Even the historicity of Jesus becomes more questionable.
Sunni Islam vs. Shia Islam: Islam Cannot be Criticized as a Monolithic Faith - Islam is a Religion with Variety & Complexity Which Critics Must Understand
There is plenty in both the theology of Islam and the behavior of Muslims which outsiders can legitimately criticize or disagree with. Any serious, sustained critique, however, must be based on what Muslims actually believe and this in turn requires understanding just how diverse Islam is. Comments from both Muslims and critics can give the impression that Islam is a single, united, monolithic religion but this is false. There's more to Islam than most seem to realize, even among atheists.
There is plenty in both the theology of Islam and the behavior of Muslims which outsiders can legitimately criticize or disagree with. Any serious, sustained critique, however, must be based on what Muslims actually believe and this in turn requires understanding just how diverse Islam is. Comments from both Muslims and critics can give the impression that Islam is a single, united, monolithic religion but this is false. There's more to Islam than most seem to realize, even among atheists.
Leonardo Da Vinci: Last Supper, painting by Leonardo Da Vinci, 1498, Detail from the Right
As our eyes move across the painting, shifting from one apostle's reaction to the next, one thing which may become evident is how human the depiction of each figure is. There are no halos or any other marker of holiness - not even any symbols of divinity around Jesus. Every person is a human being, reacting in a human way. It is thus the human aspect of the moment which Leonardo Da Vinci was trying to capture and express, not the sacred or divine aspects usually focused on in Christian liturgy.
As our eyes move across the painting, shifting from one apostle's reaction to the next, one thing which may become evident is how human the depiction of each figure is. There are no halos or any other marker of holiness - not even any symbols of divinity around Jesus. Every person is a human being, reacting in a human way. It is thus the human aspect of the moment which Leonardo Da Vinci was trying to capture and express, not the sacred or divine aspects usually focused on in Christian liturgy.
Islam: Ramadan
Islam FAQ: the Muslim holy month of Ramadan is one of the holiest days of the year for Muslims. During the month of Ramadan, Muslims are expected to fast - abstain from food, water and many other things.
Islam FAQ: the Muslim holy month of Ramadan is one of the holiest days of the year for Muslims. During the month of Ramadan, Muslims are expected to fast - abstain from food, water and many other things.
Ethics of Abortion
Usually debates about abortion focus on politics and the law: should abortion be outlawed and treated like the murder of a human person, or remain a legal choice available to all women? Behind the debates are more fundamental ethical questions which aren't always given the specific attention they deserve. Some believe that the law shouldn't legislate morality, but all good law is based upon moral values. A failure to openly discuss those values can obscure important discussions.
Usually debates about abortion focus on politics and the law: should abortion be outlawed and treated like the murder of a human person, or remain a legal choice available to all women? Behind the debates are more fundamental ethical questions which aren't always given the specific attention they deserve. Some believe that the law shouldn't legislate morality, but all good law is based upon moral values. A failure to openly discuss those values can obscure important discussions.
Church Depictions of Witches & Witchcraft: Christian Fiction & Prejudice, not Reality or Real Practices
Portrayals of witchcraft in church records can be very amusing. Almost everything that was 'known' at the time about witches was pure fiction, inventions by church authorities who were told that witches were a threat and so had to come up with something to describe. Their creations have passed on into popular cultural images of witches which continue to this day.
Portrayals of witchcraft in church records can be very amusing. Almost everything that was 'known' at the time about witches was pure fiction, inventions by church authorities who were told that witches were a threat and so had to come up with something to describe. Their creations have passed on into popular cultural images of witches which continue to this day.
Philosophy Intro for Atheists
Defining and explaining philosophy is no easy task - the very nature of the subject seems to defy description. The problem is that philosophy, in one way or another, ends up touching upon nearly every aspect of human life. Philosophy has something to say when it comes to science, art, religion, politics, medicine, and a host of other topics. This is also why a basic grounding in philosophy can be so important for irreligious atheists.
Defining and explaining philosophy is no easy task - the very nature of the subject seems to defy description. The problem is that philosophy, in one way or another, ends up touching upon nearly every aspect of human life. Philosophy has something to say when it comes to science, art, religion, politics, medicine, and a host of other topics. This is also why a basic grounding in philosophy can be so important for irreligious atheists.
What Are Virtue Ethics?
Virtue-based ethical theories place much less emphasis on which rules people should follow and instead focus on helping people develop good character traits, such as kindness and generosity. These character traits will, in turn, allow a person to make the correct decisions later on in life.
Virtue-based ethical theories place much less emphasis on which rules people should follow and instead focus on helping people develop good character traits, such as kindness and generosity. These character traits will, in turn, allow a person to make the correct decisions later on in life.
History of American Religion: Timeline 1600 - 2004
When did the first Catholics arrive in America? When did Pentecostalism first develop? When was Jerry Falwell's church was finally desegregated? When did Televangelist Oral Roberts announce that God would 'call him home' if he did not raise USD $8 million? All of these and more listed here.
When did the first Catholics arrive in America? When did Pentecostalism first develop? When was Jerry Falwell's church was finally desegregated? When did Televangelist Oral Roberts announce that God would 'call him home' if he did not raise USD $8 million? All of these and more listed here.
Leonardo Da Vinci: Last Supper, painting by Leonardo Da Vinci, 1498, Detail from the Left
The source used by Leonardo Da Vinci is John 13:21 and is supposed to represent the exact moment when Jesus announces to his disciples that one of them would betray him: 'When Jesus had thus said, he was troubled in spirit, and testified, and said, Verily, verily, I say unto you, that one of you shall betray me.' Thus the reactions of all the disciples are the reactions to hearing that one of them is a traitor to Jesus who would cause the death of their teacher. Each reacts in a different way.
The source used by Leonardo Da Vinci is John 13:21 and is supposed to represent the exact moment when Jesus announces to his disciples that one of them would betray him: 'When Jesus had thus said, he was troubled in spirit, and testified, and said, Verily, verily, I say unto you, that one of you shall betray me.' Thus the reactions of all the disciples are the reactions to hearing that one of them is a traitor to Jesus who would cause the death of their teacher. Each reacts in a different way.
Basic Muslim Beliefs: Muslim Beliefs in Submission to God, Purity, Monotheism -
There are a number of beliefs which go beyond the Five Pillars, or which are logically dependent upon the Five Pillars.
There are a number of beliefs which go beyond the Five Pillars, or which are logically dependent upon the Five Pillars.
Persecuting Witches & Persecuting Women: Witchcraft as a Means for Subduing Female Influences
It would be a mistake to assert that the Christian persecution of witches and witchcraft was nothing but an attempt to suppress women and feminine influences. Christian society, politics, and theology at the time simply wasn't that simplistic. At the same time, it's hard to overestimate the role misogynistic attitudes and repressed male sexuality played in the persecution of witches.
It would be a mistake to assert that the Christian persecution of witches and witchcraft was nothing but an attempt to suppress women and feminine influences. Christian society, politics, and theology at the time simply wasn't that simplistic. At the same time, it's hard to overestimate the role misogynistic attitudes and repressed male sexuality played in the persecution of witches.
Witches, Misogyny, and Patriarchy: How Misogynistic Attitudes Fed the Fear of Witches
Women were regarded as impediments to true spirituality and union with God, which helps explain why investigators focused on women more than men. The church had a long-standing prejudice against women, and this was given vent when the doctrine of devil worship was emphasized as an enemy which the church had to confront and destroy. This animus hasn't entirely disappeared even today
Women were regarded as impediments to true spirituality and union with God, which helps explain why investigators focused on women more than men. The church had a long-standing prejudice against women, and this was given vent when the doctrine of devil worship was emphasized as an enemy which the church had to confront and destroy. This animus hasn't entirely disappeared even today
Karl Marx & Religion
Karl Marx is one of the most famous and commonly quoted critics of religion - but many of those doing the quoting don't really understand what Marx actually thought about religion. His ideas were interesting and insightful - they deserve to be explained and understood properly.
Karl Marx is one of the most famous and commonly quoted critics of religion - but many of those doing the quoting don't really understand what Marx actually thought about religion. His ideas were interesting and insightful - they deserve to be explained and understood properly.
Mary Magdalene, drawing by Leonardo Da Vinci
Mary Magdalene is mentioned in the lists of Jesus' female companions that appear in Mark, Matthew, and Luke. Some believe that Mary Magdalene may have been an important figure among the female disciples, perhaps even their leader and a member of Jesus' inner circle of disciples -- but not, apparently, to the degree of the 12 apostles. There is no textual evidence to allow for any definitive conclusions, though.
Mary Magdalene is mentioned in the lists of Jesus' female companions that appear in Mark, Matthew, and Luke. Some believe that Mary Magdalene may have been an important figure among the female disciples, perhaps even their leader and a member of Jesus' inner circle of disciples -- but not, apparently, to the degree of the 12 apostles. There is no textual evidence to allow for any definitive conclusions, though.
Ethics: Deontological, Teleological and Virtue
Ethics FAQ: Deontological, Teleological and Virtue Ethics. How do these three type of normative ethical systems differ? What are their different approaches and how do they arrive at different or even similar answers to ethical questions?
Ethics FAQ: Deontological, Teleological and Virtue Ethics. How do these three type of normative ethical systems differ? What are their different approaches and how do they arrive at different or even similar answers to ethical questions?
Science FAQ: What is the Scientific Method?
Science FAQ: What is the scientific method? How does science operate? A description of how science can proceed and how scientists develop and justify reliable knowledge claims about the word - at least ideally.
Science FAQ: What is the scientific method? How does science operate? A description of how science can proceed and how scientists develop and justify reliable knowledge claims about the word - at least ideally.
Definition of Religion
Religion is difficult to define. Everyone has a different idea of what it is. Most people simply look in the dictionary or use something else equally simplistic. That might be fine for everyday conversations, it isn’t sufficient for the sort of discussions that appear here. Religion is a human creation and as such can vary as widely as human imagination allows.
Religion is difficult to define. Everyone has a different idea of what it is. Most people simply look in the dictionary or use something else equally simplistic. That might be fine for everyday conversations, it isn’t sufficient for the sort of discussions that appear here. Religion is a human creation and as such can vary as widely as human imagination allows.
Separation in the Constitution
It is true that the phrase ‘separation of church and state‘ does not actually appear anywhere in the Constitution. There is a problem, however, in that some people draw incorrect conclusions from this fact. The absence of this phrase does not mean that it is an invalid concept or that it cannot be used as a legal or judicial principle.
It is true that the phrase ‘separation of church and state‘ does not actually appear anywhere in the Constitution. There is a problem, however, in that some people draw incorrect conclusions from this fact. The absence of this phrase does not mean that it is an invalid concept or that it cannot be used as a legal or judicial principle.
Muslim Women in Algeria: Women Have No Choice About Sex
Women are your fields: go, then, into your fields whence you please. ... Allah's Messenger said, 'When a man calls his wife to satisfy his desire she must go to him even if she is occupied at the oven.' Allah's Apostle said, 'By him in whose hand is my life, when a man calls his wife to his bed, and she does not respond, the One Who is in the heaven is displeased with her untill he (her husband) is pleased with her.'
Women are your fields: go, then, into your fields whence you please. ... Allah's Messenger said, 'When a man calls his wife to satisfy his desire she must go to him even if she is occupied at the oven.' Allah's Apostle said, 'By him in whose hand is my life, when a man calls his wife to his bed, and she does not respond, the One Who is in the heaven is displeased with her untill he (her husband) is pleased with her.'
Hades and Persephone: Images of Ancient Greek Mythology, Religion, Art
Not being especially popular among other immortals, he didn't have much luck in love. One day he spotted Persephone, daughter of Demeter, and decided that instead of trying to woo her (a goal he was unlikely to have success with) he would simply abduct her.
Not being especially popular among other immortals, he didn't have much luck in love. One day he spotted Persephone, daughter of Demeter, and decided that instead of trying to woo her (a goal he was unlikely to have success with) he would simply abduct her.
Jerusalem: Wailing Wall, 1927
The Wailing Wall, located in Jerusalem, is considered by both Jews and Muslims as a significant and holy site. In this image we have several women standing up against the wall, praying. Today there is a fence (mechitza) separating men from women - Orthodox Jewish men don't believe that it is acceptable to pray right alongside women. Men, of course, are given the much larger area for prayers.
The Wailing Wall, located in Jerusalem, is considered by both Jews and Muslims as a significant and holy site. In this image we have several women standing up against the wall, praying. Today there is a fence (mechitza) separating men from women - Orthodox Jewish men don't believe that it is acceptable to pray right alongside women. Men, of course, are given the much larger area for prayers.
Poseidon of Melos: Images of Ancient Greek Mythology, Religion, Art
Poseidon is normally depicted with a beard and he commonly carries a trident which he used to split rocks or cause earthquakes. It is also common for him to appear with a dolphin, as with this marble statue created around 130 BCE on the island of Melos. Sometimes the dolphin or dolphins are pulling him along in a shell-chariot.
Poseidon is normally depicted with a beard and he commonly carries a trident which he used to split rocks or cause earthquakes. It is also common for him to appear with a dolphin, as with this marble statue created around 130 BCE on the island of Melos. Sometimes the dolphin or dolphins are pulling him along in a shell-chariot.
Muslim Woman From Egypt: Women's Lewdness Will Be Doubly Punished
O ye wives of the Prophet! Whosoever of you committeth manifest lewdness, the punishment for her will be doubled, and that is easy for Allah. And whosoever of you is submissive unto Allah and His messenger and doeth right, We shall give her her reward twice over, and We have prepared for her a rich provision. O ye wives of the Prophet! Ye are not like any other women.
O ye wives of the Prophet! Whosoever of you committeth manifest lewdness, the punishment for her will be doubled, and that is easy for Allah. And whosoever of you is submissive unto Allah and His messenger and doeth right, We shall give her her reward twice over, and We have prepared for her a rich provision. O ye wives of the Prophet! Ye are not like any other women.
Gambling and Christianity: Is Gambling a Sin? is Christianity a Gamble?
Is gambling a sin for Christians? There's a lot of debate about this question in Christian circles, and not all Christians agree on whether there is something wrong with gambling in itself or if it is only a problem when done to excess. The answers to this question carry interesting implications for Christianity as a whole.
Is gambling a sin for Christians? There's a lot of debate about this question in Christian circles, and not all Christians agree on whether there is something wrong with gambling in itself or if it is only a problem when done to excess. The answers to this question carry interesting implications for Christianity as a whole.
analogous / homologous structures
Glossary of Religion and Philosophy - analogous / homologous structures
Glossary of Religion and Philosophy - analogous / homologous structures
Timelines of Religious History
Comparative timelines of religious history: chronologies of events, people and places.
Comparative timelines of religious history: chronologies of events, people and places.
Myth: Atheism is Denial of God
The most common misunderstanding about atheism involves the definition. Many people insist that atheism is really the denial of the existence of God, but there are two errors here. First, it pretends that atheism is exclusively about their god, the god common to Christians, Jews, and Muslims. Second, it focuses on a narrow sub-set of atheism and atheists to the exclusion of all others. Standard dictionaries list 'disbelief in god or Gods' as the first and primary definition of atheism.
The most common misunderstanding about atheism involves the definition. Many people insist that atheism is really the denial of the existence of God, but there are two errors here. First, it pretends that atheism is exclusively about their god, the god common to Christians, Jews, and Muslims. Second, it focuses on a narrow sub-set of atheism and atheists to the exclusion of all others. Standard dictionaries list 'disbelief in god or Gods' as the first and primary definition of atheism.
Guide to Ethics & Morality: Principles, Problems, and Questions
Guide to Ethics and Morality: Principles, Problems, and Questions. Important questions regarding ethics, morality and social behavior.
Guide to Ethics and Morality: Principles, Problems, and Questions. Important questions regarding ethics, morality and social behavior.
Criticism of Religions is Not Free Speech: Don't Abuse your Free Speech Rights by Offending Religious Believers
One of the most pernicious forms of attempted censorship of unwelcome views isn't overt repression, but rather to convince people not to express those unwelcome views in the first place. It's always much better to head off the wrong thoughts before they are expressed rather than clamp down on them after they are already out in public. Why employ the blunt instrument of state repression if people can be convinced to repress themselves?
One of the most pernicious forms of attempted censorship of unwelcome views isn't overt repression, but rather to convince people not to express those unwelcome views in the first place. It's always much better to head off the wrong thoughts before they are expressed rather than clamp down on them after they are already out in public. Why employ the blunt instrument of state repression if people can be convinced to repress themselves?
Fallacy: Begging the Question
This is the most basic and classic example of a Fallacy of Presumption, because it directly presumes the conclusion which is at question in the first place. This can also be known as a "Circular Argument" - because the conclusion essentially appears both at the beginning and the end of the argument, it creates an endless circle, never accomplishing anything of substance.
This is the most basic and classic example of a Fallacy of Presumption, because it directly presumes the conclusion which is at question in the first place. This can also be known as a "Circular Argument" - because the conclusion essentially appears both at the beginning and the end of the argument, it creates an endless circle, never accomplishing anything of substance.
Evolution & Darwinism in Schools: Teaching Evolution & Darwinism Encourages Immoral, Bestial Behavior
The above poster was created by the German government during World War I and said 'Elend und Untergang folgen der Anarchie' (Misery and Destruction follow Anarchy). Depicted is an anarchist monster carrying a knife and a gun. The original was an attempt to urge people not to give in to anarchist criticisms of the war of the German government. I have replaced the text with the standard canard about the teaching of evolution or Darwinism leading to immoral, even bestial, behavior.
The above poster was created by the German government during World War I and said 'Elend und Untergang folgen der Anarchie' (Misery and Destruction follow Anarchy). Depicted is an anarchist monster carrying a knife and a gun. The original was an attempt to urge people not to give in to anarchist criticisms of the war of the German government. I have replaced the text with the standard canard about the teaching of evolution or Darwinism leading to immoral, even bestial, behavior.
What is Religion? Defining Religions and Religious Belief Systems
What is Religion? Defining Religions and Religious Belief Systems. Religion is difficult to define, but you can't study it without having some idea of what religion really is. There are many different types of definitions, some of which are explored and explained here.
What is Religion? Defining Religions and Religious Belief Systems. Religion is difficult to define, but you can't study it without having some idea of what religion really is. There are many different types of definitions, some of which are explored and explained here.
Ethics of Organ Transplants
Ethics of Organ Transplants - how do we get organs? Who should pay? Who should be allowed to have them, and why? There are more ethical dilemmas than you may realize...
Ethics of Organ Transplants - how do we get organs? Who should pay? Who should be allowed to have them, and why? There are more ethical dilemmas than you may realize...
Beware of Recruitment into the Homosexual Lifestyle: Godless Sodomites Will Subvert Heterosexual Christian Society
A common which the Christian Right tries to make against gays and efforts to increase social acceptance of homosexuality is the idea that gays want to 'recruit' others - especially children - into their 'lifestyle.' People who know gays and understand homosexuality find this position absurd, but it does seem to follow logically from the starting assumptions which the Christian Right has about homosexuality generally.
A common which the Christian Right tries to make against gays and efforts to increase social acceptance of homosexuality is the idea that gays want to 'recruit' others - especially children - into their 'lifestyle.' People who know gays and understand homosexuality find this position absurd, but it does seem to follow logically from the starting assumptions which the Christian Right has about homosexuality generally.
Bible Dictionary: Baptism
In Christianity, baptism is a religious sacrament which is marked by the symbolic use of water and results in admission to the community of believers. The practice of baptism is based upon the story of John the Baptist's practice of baptizing people, including Jesus and his immediate followers. Later Christian beliefs seem to have included the idea that baptism effectively created a unity between the individual believer and Christ.
In Christianity, baptism is a religious sacrament which is marked by the symbolic use of water and results in admission to the community of believers. The practice of baptism is based upon the story of John the Baptist's practice of baptizing people, including Jesus and his immediate followers. Later Christian beliefs seem to have included the idea that baptism effectively created a unity between the individual believer and Christ.
Hestia: Images of Ancient Greek Mythology, Religion, Art
On account of the close relationship between Greek homes and wider Greek communities, it was common for there to be public hearths dedicated to Hestia where the fire was never allowed to go out.
On account of the close relationship between Greek homes and wider Greek communities, it was common for there to be public hearths dedicated to Hestia where the fire was never allowed to go out.
Jerusalem:Map of Solomon's Temple
Although it was first destroyed in 586 BCE and then again in 70 CE, many traditional Jews continue to pray three times each day for the reconstruction of Solomon's Temple in Jerusalem. From the time it was constructed around 1000 BCE, it was the focal point of Jewish religious practice and was the site of many, many ritual animal sacrifices.
Although it was first destroyed in 586 BCE and then again in 70 CE, many traditional Jews continue to pray three times each day for the reconstruction of Solomon's Temple in Jerusalem. From the time it was constructed around 1000 BCE, it was the focal point of Jewish religious practice and was the site of many, many ritual animal sacrifices.
Witchcraft and the Inquisition: Using the Inquisition to Suppress Dissent & Outsiders
People typically fear that which they don't understand, so witches were doubly damned: they were feared because they were allegedly agents of Satan seeking to undermine Christian society and they were feared because no one really knew what witches did or how. In the place of real knowledge or information, Christian leaders made things up and created stories which were certain to cause people to hate and fear witches even more.
People typically fear that which they don't understand, so witches were doubly damned: they were feared because they were allegedly agents of Satan seeking to undermine Christian society and they were feared because no one really knew what witches did or how. In the place of real knowledge or information, Christian leaders made things up and created stories which were certain to cause people to hate and fear witches even more.
Karl Marx on Religion
This quote is reproduced a great deal and is probably the only Marx quote that most people are familiar with. Unfortunately, if someone is familiar with it they are likely only familiar with a small portion that, taken by itself, tends to give a distorted impression of what Marx had to say about religion.
This quote is reproduced a great deal and is probably the only Marx quote that most people are familiar with. Unfortunately, if someone is familiar with it they are likely only familiar with a small portion that, taken by itself, tends to give a distorted impression of what Marx had to say about religion.
Aesthetics, Art, and Atheism
Aesthetics almost never comes up in atheists' discussions about religion, but perhaps it should. First, religious and theistic ideas are often communicated in various forms of art (including film, books, and games) rather than in formal arguments. Atheistic critiques of religion cannot ignore this and it's impact on people's religious beliefs. Second, atheists themselves can do the same: communicate criticism of religion, religious beliefs, and theism through works of art and images.
Aesthetics almost never comes up in atheists' discussions about religion, but perhaps it should. First, religious and theistic ideas are often communicated in various forms of art (including film, books, and games) rather than in formal arguments. Atheistic critiques of religion cannot ignore this and it's impact on people's religious beliefs. Second, atheists themselves can do the same: communicate criticism of religion, religious beliefs, and theism through works of art and images.
Aphrodite and Eros: Images of Ancient Greek Mythology, Religion, Art
Aphrodite was the Greek goddess of love, beauty, fertility, procreation, sexuality, seduction, and harmony who was born out of the severed genitalia of Uranus. Aphrodite's seductions and temptations were a constant source of pleasure and danger for both gods and mortals.
Aphrodite was the Greek goddess of love, beauty, fertility, procreation, sexuality, seduction, and harmony who was born out of the severed genitalia of Uranus. Aphrodite's seductions and temptations were a constant source of pleasure and danger for both gods and mortals.
Origin of the Pantheon in Rome: Model of the Pantheon in Rome, as it Appeared during the Roman Empire
The original Pantheon of Rome was built between 27 & 25 BCE, under the consulship of Marcus Vipsanius Agrippa. It was dedicated to 12 gods of heaven and focused on Augustus' cult and Romans believed that Romulus ascended to heaven from this spot. Agrippa's structure, which was rectangular, was destroyed in 80 CE and what we see today is a reconstruction done in 118 CE under the leadership of emperor Hadrian, who even restored the original inscription on the facade.
The original Pantheon of Rome was built between 27 & 25 BCE, under the consulship of Marcus Vipsanius Agrippa. It was dedicated to 12 gods of heaven and focused on Augustus' cult and Romans believed that Romulus ascended to heaven from this spot. Agrippa's structure, which was rectangular, was destroyed in 80 CE and what we see today is a reconstruction done in 118 CE under the leadership of emperor Hadrian, who even restored the original inscription on the facade.
Illustration of a Battle During the Crusades: Battles of the Crusades Gallery
The Crusades were religious, military, political, and commercial expeditions against both rival religions and rival Christian groups. They helped European society define itself and they laid the groundwork for end of feudalism. The relationship between Christianity and Islam was permanently altered and the Crusades continue through this day to influence how Islam sees the West.
The Crusades were religious, military, political, and commercial expeditions against both rival religions and rival Christian groups. They helped European society define itself and they laid the groundwork for end of feudalism. The relationship between Christianity and Islam was permanently altered and the Crusades continue through this day to influence how Islam sees the West.
What is a Logical Fallacy?
Fallacies are defects in an argument that cause an argument to be invalid, unsound or weak. Fallacies can be separated into two general groups: formal and informal. A formal fallacy is a defect which can be identified merely be looking at the logical structure of an argument. Informal fallacies are defects which can be identified only through an analysis of the actual content of the argument.
Fallacies are defects in an argument that cause an argument to be invalid, unsound or weak. Fallacies can be separated into two general groups: formal and informal. A formal fallacy is a defect which can be identified merely be looking at the logical structure of an argument. Informal fallacies are defects which can be identified only through an analysis of the actual content of the argument.
Top Myths About Atheism
There are many myths and misconceptions about what atheism entails and who atheists are - not surprising, since even the basic definition of atheism is so misunderstood. Many of the myths and misconceptions addressed here will follow a similar pattern, exposing fallacious reasoning, faulty premises, or both. These arguments need to be identified as the fallacies they really are because that is the only way genuine arguments and dialogues can be made possible.
There are many myths and misconceptions about what atheism entails and who atheists are - not surprising, since even the basic definition of atheism is so misunderstood. Many of the myths and misconceptions addressed here will follow a similar pattern, exposing fallacious reasoning, faulty premises, or both. These arguments need to be identified as the fallacies they really are because that is the only way genuine arguments and dialogues can be made possible.
Religion & Spirituality
It's popular, especially in America, to distinguish between spirituality and religion. It's true that there are valid distinctions between the two, but there are also a number of problematic distinctions which people try to make. In particular, supporters of spirituality tend to try to argue that everything bad lies with religion while everything good can be found in spirituality. This is a self-serving distinction which only masks the nature of religion and spirituality.
It's popular, especially in America, to distinguish between spirituality and religion. It's true that there are valid distinctions between the two, but there are also a number of problematic distinctions which people try to make. In particular, supporters of spirituality tend to try to argue that everything bad lies with religion while everything good can be found in spirituality. This is a self-serving distinction which only masks the nature of religion and spirituality.
What is Love? What is Agape?
Agape (ah-gah-pay) is the main word used for 'love' in the New Testament. There are three principal Greek words which can be translated as 'love' in English, each with different connotations. The two most common were eros, which refers to sexual love, and philos, which means friendship or brotherly love (eros does not appear in the New Testament, but philos does). Agape was the least used in Greek and least specific in its meaning.
Agape (ah-gah-pay) is the main word used for 'love' in the New Testament. There are three principal Greek words which can be translated as 'love' in English, each with different connotations. The two most common were eros, which refers to sexual love, and philos, which means friendship or brotherly love (eros does not appear in the New Testament, but philos does). Agape was the least used in Greek and least specific in its meaning.
Adolf Hitler Quotations on God
It's popular among Christian apologists to claim that Hitler, the Nazis, and the Holocaust are all consequences of atheism, secularism, and liberalism. Such arguments fly in the face of reality: Adolf Hitler regularly proclaimed his faith in God, Nazi ideology was committed to supporting Christianity (on its terms, of course), and Nazi anti-Semitism was firmly grounded in Christian anti-Semitism. Hitler's theism, religiosity, and Christianity are strongly supported in his own words.
It's popular among Christian apologists to claim that Hitler, the Nazis, and the Holocaust are all consequences of atheism, secularism, and liberalism. Such arguments fly in the face of reality: Adolf Hitler regularly proclaimed his faith in God, Nazi ideology was committed to supporting Christianity (on its terms, of course), and Nazi anti-Semitism was firmly grounded in Christian anti-Semitism. Hitler's theism, religiosity, and Christianity are strongly supported in his own words.
emergent property
Glossary of Religion and Philosophy - emergent property
Glossary of Religion and Philosophy - emergent property
What is Pragmatism?
Pragmatism is an American philosophy from the early 20th century. According to Pragmatism, the truth or meaning of an idea or a proposition lies in its observable practical consequences rather than anything metaphysical. It can be summarized by the phrase 'whatever works, is likely true.' Because reality changes, 'whatever works' will also change - thus, truth must also be changeable and no one can claim to possess any final or ultimate truth.
Pragmatism is an American philosophy from the early 20th century. According to Pragmatism, the truth or meaning of an idea or a proposition lies in its observable practical consequences rather than anything metaphysical. It can be summarized by the phrase 'whatever works, is likely true.' Because reality changes, 'whatever works' will also change - thus, truth must also be changeable and no one can claim to possess any final or ultimate truth.
Chronology of Early & New Testament Christianity: Christian History Timeline, 40 BCE - 95 CE
Chronology of Early & New Testament Christianity: Christian History Timeline. Chronology of people, places, and events between 40 BCE and 95 CE. Includes links for more detailed information on specific topics, people, and events as well as listings for other important world events to provide historical context.
Chronology of Early & New Testament Christianity: Christian History Timeline. Chronology of people, places, and events between 40 BCE and 95 CE. Includes links for more detailed information on specific topics, people, and events as well as listings for other important world events to provide historical context.
Biography: Saint Peter
Glossary of Religion and Philosophy - a short biography of Saint Peter
Glossary of Religion and Philosophy - a short biography of Saint Peter
Ethics, Morality, and Atheism
Atheists and theists frequently debate morality on several levels: what is the origin of morality, what are proper moral behaviors, how should morality be taught, what is the nature of morality, etc. For theists, morality comes from gods and ethics is a function of theology; for atheists, morality is a natural feature of reality or human society and ethics is a part of philosophy. Atheists unfamiliar with the basics of moral philosophy will be unprepared to discuss morality with theists.
Atheists and theists frequently debate morality on several levels: what is the origin of morality, what are proper moral behaviors, how should morality be taught, what is the nature of morality, etc. For theists, morality comes from gods and ethics is a function of theology; for atheists, morality is a natural feature of reality or human society and ethics is a part of philosophy. Atheists unfamiliar with the basics of moral philosophy will be unprepared to discuss morality with theists.
Muslim Basic Beliefs
Many Muslim beliefs are similar to the beliefs in Christianity and Judaism, but other beliefs do differ. The most central beliefs are contained in the Five Pillars of Islam. Muslims also have a number of important Holy Days and Holy Sites which differ from those found in Christianity and Judaism. Any basic understanding of Islam requires first understanding what Muslims believe, why, and how those beliefs differ from beliefs in other religions.
Many Muslim beliefs are similar to the beliefs in Christianity and Judaism, but other beliefs do differ. The most central beliefs are contained in the Five Pillars of Islam. Muslims also have a number of important Holy Days and Holy Sites which differ from those found in Christianity and Judaism. Any basic understanding of Islam requires first understanding what Muslims believe, why, and how those beliefs differ from beliefs in other religions.
Saint Peter the Apostle: Who Was St. Peter the Apostle? What is Peter's Connection to the Roman Catholic Papacy?
The years of Peter's birth and death are unknown. Christian tradition has it that Peter died in Rome during the persecution of Christians around 64 CE under emperor Nero. Archaeological digs have uncovered what might be a shrine to Peter under St. Peter's Basilica in Rome, a shrine that could conceivably have been built over his grave. Traditions about Peter's martyrdom in Rome were instrumental in the development of the idea of the primacy of Rome's Christian church.
The years of Peter's birth and death are unknown. Christian tradition has it that Peter died in Rome during the persecution of Christians around 64 CE under emperor Nero. Archaeological digs have uncovered what might be a shrine to Peter under St. Peter's Basilica in Rome, a shrine that could conceivably have been built over his grave. Traditions about Peter's martyrdom in Rome were instrumental in the development of the idea of the primacy of Rome's Christian church.
What is Religion? Classification of Religion Types: Nature, Salvation, Revealed, and more
What is Religion? Classification of Religion Types. There are many different types of religion, with classifications including nature religions, salvation religions, revealed religions, tribal religions, and more. Major classifications of religions are explained here with important features and characteristics.
What is Religion? Classification of Religion Types. There are many different types of religion, with classifications including nature religions, salvation religions, revealed religions, tribal religions, and more. Major classifications of religions are explained here with important features and characteristics.
Leonard Da Vinci's Drawings
Born in the village of Vinci in Tuscany, Italy, on April 15, 1452, Leonardo was one of the most important artistic figures of the Renaissance. He was involved with painting, architecture, sculpture, engineering, anatomy, and more. An illegitimate child, his artistic talents were recognized early on and he was sent to study under a master goldsmith. Today he is regarded as one of the greatest painters who ever lived, though many of his final works haven't survived.
Born in the village of Vinci in Tuscany, Italy, on April 15, 1452, Leonardo was one of the most important artistic figures of the Renaissance. He was involved with painting, architecture, sculpture, engineering, anatomy, and more. An illegitimate child, his artistic talents were recognized early on and he was sent to study under a master goldsmith. Today he is regarded as one of the greatest painters who ever lived, though many of his final works haven't survived.
Quotes on Religion - Carl Sagan
Freethought Quotations: Carl Sagan.
Freethought Quotations: Carl Sagan.
Hades / Haides / Pluto: Images of Ancient Greek Mythology, Religion, Art
Hades is generally depicted as being mirthless, pitiless, morbid, and morose. He was not the personification of death (Thanatos), but he was responsible for ruling over the shades of the dead - a thankless task, perhaps resulting in his generally unpleasant demeanor.
Hades is generally depicted as being mirthless, pitiless, morbid, and morose. He was not the personification of death (Thanatos), but he was responsible for ruling over the shades of the dead - a thankless task, perhaps resulting in his generally unpleasant demeanor.
McCain on Religion Secularism
John McCain has long been an important Republican politician, active both in his home state of Arizona as Senator and on the national scene as candidate for president. McCain's views on religion, religious faith, secularism, church-state separation have played an important role in his political policy choices, which means that atheists need to consider those views when evaluating McCain. How has John McCain injected his own Christian doctrines or prejudices into public policy and civil law?
John McCain has long been an important Republican politician, active both in his home state of Arizona as Senator and on the national scene as candidate for president. McCain's views on religion, religious faith, secularism, church-state separation have played an important role in his political policy choices, which means that atheists need to consider those views when evaluating McCain. How has John McCain injected his own Christian doctrines or prejudices into public policy and civil law?
God is a Republican & Conservative: If You Love God, You Must Be Conservative and Vote Republican, God's Own Party
It's interesting just how often conservatives and Republicans claim that God is on their side politically - that their policies, their politics, their agenda, and even their political party are specifically favored by God. Many people recognize it as a sign of extreme arrogance and hubris to imagine that God is taking one's side in the political realm. This tactic is much more, and much worse, than mere hubris though. It is also an attempt to undermine the democratic process itself.
It's interesting just how often conservatives and Republicans claim that God is on their side politically - that their policies, their politics, their agenda, and even their political party are specifically favored by God. Many people recognize it as a sign of extreme arrogance and hubris to imagine that God is taking one's side in the political realm. This tactic is much more, and much worse, than mere hubris though. It is also an attempt to undermine the democratic process itself.
What is Critical Thinking?
The term 'critical thinking' is used, in one form or another, throughout this site - but what does it mean? Some may get the impression that it simply involves finding fault with others and others' ideas, but that isn't really the case. As a general rule, critical thinking involves developing some emotional and intellectual distance between yourself and ideas - whether your own or others' - in order to better evaluate their truth, validity, and reasonableness.
The term 'critical thinking' is used, in one form or another, throughout this site - but what does it mean? Some may get the impression that it simply involves finding fault with others and others' ideas, but that isn't really the case. As a general rule, critical thinking involves developing some emotional and intellectual distance between yourself and ideas - whether your own or others' - in order to better evaluate their truth, validity, and reasonableness.
Pledge of Allegiance Resources
The Pledge of Allegiance has been recited by millions of children over the years and is familiar to most Americans, but was the addition of 'under God' a violation of church/state separation? Atheists and some theists argue that it was and that it's immoral because pledging allegiance to a nation 'under God' says that there is an official connection between patriotism and belief in a particular sort of god. This religious nationalism is connected to hostility to and distrust of atheists.
The Pledge of Allegiance has been recited by millions of children over the years and is familiar to most Americans, but was the addition of 'under God' a violation of church/state separation? Atheists and some theists argue that it was and that it's immoral because pledging allegiance to a nation 'under God' says that there is an official connection between patriotism and belief in a particular sort of god. This religious nationalism is connected to hostility to and distrust of atheists.
Public Character of Greek Religion: Images of Ancient Greek Religion & Mythology
Everyone in ancient Greece defined their lives in relation to the sacred realm and in relation to the political organization of their city-state. In this way religion and politics were deeply intertwined - arguably, there was no obvious separation between the two.
Everyone in ancient Greece defined their lives in relation to the sacred realm and in relation to the political organization of their city-state. In this way religion and politics were deeply intertwined - arguably, there was no obvious separation between the two.
Witches and Scapegoats: Persecuting & Prosecuting Witches as a Way of Attacking Social Problems
Jews and heretics were often treated as scapegoats for other social problems and witches ended up no different. Regions with the most social and political unrest also happened to be those with the greatest problem with witches. Every social, political, and natural problem was blamed on witches. Crop failure? Witches did it. Well gone bad? Witches poisoned it. Political unrest and rebellion? Witches are behind it. Strife in the community? Witches are influencing people.
Jews and heretics were often treated as scapegoats for other social problems and witches ended up no different. Regions with the most social and political unrest also happened to be those with the greatest problem with witches. Every social, political, and natural problem was blamed on witches. Crop failure? Witches did it. Well gone bad? Witches poisoned it. Political unrest and rebellion? Witches are behind it. Strife in the community? Witches are influencing people.
Religious Rituals, Festivals, Sacrifices: Connecting Ancient Greek Mythology, Religion with Modern Religion
Although it may be common to speak of a Greek 'religion,' in fact the Greeks themselves didn't use such a term and might not have recognized it had someone else attempted to apply it to their practices. It's difficult to accept the idea that the Greeks where completely secular and irreligious, however. This is why a better understanding of Greek religion helps illuminate the nature of religion generally as well as the nature of religions which continue to be followed today. This, in turn, is critical for anyone who wants to engage in a sustained critique of religion and religious beliefs.
Although it may be common to speak of a Greek 'religion,' in fact the Greeks themselves didn't use such a term and might not have recognized it had someone else attempted to apply it to their practices. It's difficult to accept the idea that the Greeks where completely secular and irreligious, however. This is why a better understanding of Greek religion helps illuminate the nature of religion generally as well as the nature of religions which continue to be followed today. This, in turn, is critical for anyone who wants to engage in a sustained critique of religion and religious beliefs.
Religion in Spain
Religion in Spain.
Religion in Spain.
Pope Benedict XVI: A Nazi?
The question of Joseph Ratzinger’s involvement with Nazi Germany and the Hitler Youth is important. Neither Ratzinger nor any member of his immediate family joined the NSDAP (Nazi Party). Ratzinger’s father was critical of the Nazi government and as a result the family had to move four times. None of this is remarkable, however, because the same happened with other German Catholic families. There is reason to think that Joseph Ratzinger has been less than fully candid about his past, though.
The question of Joseph Ratzinger’s involvement with Nazi Germany and the Hitler Youth is important. Neither Ratzinger nor any member of his immediate family joined the NSDAP (Nazi Party). Ratzinger’s father was critical of the Nazi government and as a result the family had to move four times. None of this is remarkable, however, because the same happened with other German Catholic families. There is reason to think that Joseph Ratzinger has been less than fully candid about his past, though.
Timeline of Old Testament History
Old Testament History: Timeline of events, people and places.
Old Testament History: Timeline of events, people and places.
Belvedere Apollo: Images of Ancient Greek Mythology, Religion, Art
The Greek god Apollo had dominion in one manner or another over plague, colonies, reason, dance, intellect, and herds of domesticated animals. Because of the common epithet Phoebus Apollo (Apollo, God of the Light), he is sometimes confused with the sun god Helios, but they never merged in the ancient myths.
The Greek god Apollo had dominion in one manner or another over plague, colonies, reason, dance, intellect, and herds of domesticated animals. Because of the common epithet Phoebus Apollo (Apollo, God of the Light), he is sometimes confused with the sun god Helios, but they never merged in the ancient myths.
God Bless America: The United States of America is Blessed by God; Americans are Chosen by God to Do His Will
The idea that God has blessed America is integral to Christian Nationalists' religious and political ideology. This concept of a blessing isn't about God generally blessing humanity, but is instead the assertion of a special relationship between God and America - a relationship not unlike the one described in the Old Testament between God and Israel. Without this special relationship, much of Christian Nationalists' religious and political agenda would be difficult if not impossible to justify.
The idea that God has blessed America is integral to Christian Nationalists' religious and political ideology. This concept of a blessing isn't about God generally blessing humanity, but is instead the assertion of a special relationship between God and America - a relationship not unlike the one described in the Old Testament between God and Israel. Without this special relationship, much of Christian Nationalists' religious and political agenda would be difficult if not impossible to justify.
Who Wrote Mark's Gospel?
The text of the Gospel According to Mark does not specifically identify anyone as the author. Not even 'Mark' is identified as the author - in theory, 'Mark' could have simply related a series of events and stories to someone else who collected them, edited them, and set them down in the gospel form. It wasn't until the second century that the title 'According to Mark' or 'The Gospel According to Mark' was affixed to this document.
The text of the Gospel According to Mark does not specifically identify anyone as the author. Not even 'Mark' is identified as the author - in theory, 'Mark' could have simply related a series of events and stories to someone else who collected them, edited them, and set them down in the gospel form. It wasn't until the second century that the title 'According to Mark' or 'The Gospel According to Mark' was affixed to this document.
Troy Map: Images of Ancient Greek Mythology, Religion, Art
Before 3500 BCE Greece looked like much of the rest of Europe: mud-brick houses and simple painted pottery. Because of Troy, however, the influence of the East began to take hold and a new sort of civilization began to develop, characterized most obviously by stone fortifications on various hilltops...
Before 3500 BCE Greece looked like much of the rest of Europe: mud-brick houses and simple painted pottery. Because of Troy, however, the influence of the East began to take hold and a new sort of civilization began to develop, characterized most obviously by stone fortifications on various hilltops...
Mary Magdalene Vists Jesus' Empty Tomb
Mary Magdalene's age is unknown; biblical texts say nothing about when she was born or died. Like Jesus' male disciples, Mary Magdalene appears to have come from Galilee. She was with him at the beginning of his ministry in Galilee and continued after his execution. The name Magdalene suggests her origin as the town of Magdala (Taricheae), on the Sea of Galilee's western shore. It was an important source of salt, an administrative center, and the largest of ten major towns around the lake.
Mary Magdalene's age is unknown; biblical texts say nothing about when she was born or died. Like Jesus' male disciples, Mary Magdalene appears to have come from Galilee. She was with him at the beginning of his ministry in Galilee and continued after his execution. The name Magdalene suggests her origin as the town of Magdala (Taricheae), on the Sea of Galilee's western shore. It was an important source of salt, an administrative center, and the largest of ten major towns around the lake.
Critiquing Arguments
Assuming that we have established that we have an actual argument, the next step is to examine it for validity. There are two points on which an argument might fail: its premises or its inferences. Because of this, it is necessary to distinguish between valid arguments and sound arguments.
Assuming that we have established that we have an actual argument, the next step is to examine it for validity. There are two points on which an argument might fail: its premises or its inferences. Because of this, it is necessary to distinguish between valid arguments and sound arguments.
What is Monotheism? Belief in a Single, All-Powerful God
What is Monotheism? Belief in a Single, All-Powerful God. One of the most common types of theism in the world today is monotheism: belief in a single deity and denying the existence of all other alleged gods in the world.
What is Monotheism? Belief in a Single, All-Powerful God. One of the most common types of theism in the world today is monotheism: belief in a single deity and denying the existence of all other alleged gods in the world.
What is Idealism?
Idealism refers to any philosophy that argues that reality is somehow dependent upon the mind rather than independent of it. More extreme versions will deny that the 'world' even exists outside of our minds. Narrow versions argue that our understanding of reality reflects the workings of our mind first and foremost - that the properties of objects have no standing independent of minds perceiving them.
Idealism refers to any philosophy that argues that reality is somehow dependent upon the mind rather than independent of it. More extreme versions will deny that the 'world' even exists outside of our minds. Narrow versions argue that our understanding of reality reflects the workings of our mind first and foremost - that the properties of objects have no standing independent of minds perceiving them.
Fallacy: No True Scotsman
What is 'The 'No True Scotsman...' Fallacy and how is this fallacy committed? This is actually a combination of several fallacies, but since it rests ultimately on shifting the meaning of terms - a form of equivocation - and begging the question, it receives special attention.
What is 'The 'No True Scotsman...' Fallacy and how is this fallacy committed? This is actually a combination of several fallacies, but since it rests ultimately on shifting the meaning of terms - a form of equivocation - and begging the question, it receives special attention.
Timeline of Cloning History
Timeline of Cloning History - how the science of cloning has developed over the past century.
Timeline of Cloning History - how the science of cloning has developed over the past century.
What is the Pantheon in Rome? Illustration of the Pantheon in Rome, During the Roman Empire
Today a Christian church, the Pantheon is the best preserved of all ancient Roman buildings and has been in near-continuous use since Hadrian's reconstruction. From a distance the Pantheon is not as awe-inspiring as other ancient monuments — the dome appears low, not much higher than surrounding buildings. Inside, the Pantheon is among the most impressive in existence. Its inscription, M·AGRIPPA·L·F·COS·TERTIUM·FECIT, means: Marcus Agrippa, son of Lucius, consul for the third time, built this.
Today a Christian church, the Pantheon is the best preserved of all ancient Roman buildings and has been in near-continuous use since Hadrian's reconstruction. From a distance the Pantheon is not as awe-inspiring as other ancient monuments — the dome appears low, not much higher than surrounding buildings. Inside, the Pantheon is among the most impressive in existence. Its inscription, M·AGRIPPA·L·F·COS·TERTIUM·FECIT, means: Marcus Agrippa, son of Lucius, consul for the third time, built this.
Godless Atheists Menace Western, Christian Civilization: Godless Atheists & Godless Sodomites Imperil Everyone
Given the relatively small numbers of atheists in America, it's curious that they would be portrayed as such an incredible threat. Even if we take into account the larger numbers of irreligious, secular, and atheistic people in other Western countries, they still don't seem to be big enough to constitute any sort of menace. So what's going on? Where's the big threat being posed by irreligious atheists? There are a couple of things which Christian Nationalists have in mind.
Given the relatively small numbers of atheists in America, it's curious that they would be portrayed as such an incredible threat. Even if we take into account the larger numbers of irreligious, secular, and atheistic people in other Western countries, they still don't seem to be big enough to constitute any sort of menace. So what's going on? Where's the big threat being posed by irreligious atheists? There are a couple of things which Christian Nationalists have in mind.
Minoan Snake Goddess: Images of Ancient Greek Mythology, Religion, Art
Aside from images of bulls, the only obvious deity we have from ancient Crete is the so-called Snake Goddess, perhaps an Earth Goddess who is holding two snakes in her outstretched hands.
Aside from images of bulls, the only obvious deity we have from ancient Crete is the so-called Snake Goddess, perhaps an Earth Goddess who is holding two snakes in her outstretched hands.
Defining Atheism: Dictionaries
What is the definition of atheism? How do atheists define atheism? How do dictionaries define atheism? A common theme throughout the definitions here is the primary use of 'disbelieve' when defining atheism. Some dictionaries drop this, but most comprehensive dictionaries do not. For some reason, however, people simply ignore this word and move right along to the secondary sense of 'denial.' When we take a closer look at the word 'disbelieve,' we find two senses: an active and a passive.
What is the definition of atheism? How do atheists define atheism? How do dictionaries define atheism? A common theme throughout the definitions here is the primary use of 'disbelieve' when defining atheism. Some dictionaries drop this, but most comprehensive dictionaries do not. For some reason, however, people simply ignore this word and move right along to the secondary sense of 'denial.' When we take a closer look at the word 'disbelieve,' we find two senses: an active and a passive.
Artemis: Images of Ancient Greek Mythology, Religion, Art
Twin sister of Apollo and daughter of Zeus (with Leto), Artemis was one of the most important goddesses of the Greeks. For the Greeks, Artemis was goddess of the hunt, protector of wild game, and watcher over childbirth.
Twin sister of Apollo and daughter of Zeus (with Leto), Artemis was one of the most important goddesses of the Greeks. For the Greeks, Artemis was goddess of the hunt, protector of wild game, and watcher over childbirth.
What Are the Ten Commandments?
The Ten Commandments are a set of ten basic rules of behavior, mostly negative in construction, that appear in the ancient Hebrew scriptures and are directed at the Hebrews as God’s chosen people. Tradition holds that these rules were delivered to them by God via Moses, who climbed to the top of Mount Sinai during the Hebrews’ journey through the desert from Egypt to Canaan. They are, then, God’s requirements for how the Hebrews are supposed to behave.
The Ten Commandments are a set of ten basic rules of behavior, mostly negative in construction, that appear in the ancient Hebrew scriptures and are directed at the Hebrews as God’s chosen people. Tradition holds that these rules were delivered to them by God via Moses, who climbed to the top of Mount Sinai during the Hebrews’ journey through the desert from Egypt to Canaan. They are, then, God’s requirements for how the Hebrews are supposed to behave.
Do Not Bear False Witness
There is a question of just what 'bearing false witness' is supposed to entail. It seems as though it might have been originally intended to prohibit lying in a court of law. For the ancient Hebrews, anyone caught lying during their testimony could be forced to submit to whatever punishment would have been imposed upon the accused - even including death.
There is a question of just what 'bearing false witness' is supposed to entail. It seems as though it might have been originally intended to prohibit lying in a court of law. For the ancient Hebrews, anyone caught lying during their testimony could be forced to submit to whatever punishment would have been imposed upon the accused - even including death.
Marriage: What is Marriage?
Marriage is an institution which can be found in every human culture. Although the forms and rules differ, marriages always involve some form of legally legitimized sexual relationship. Traditionally, marriages have had a religious basis. In the modern, industrialized West, marriage is based on a legal contract. In the Bible, women occupied an inferior social position to the nearest male relations - fathers, brothers, or husbands. Marriages were usually arranged in the Bible by the parents.
Marriage is an institution which can be found in every human culture. Although the forms and rules differ, marriages always involve some form of legally legitimized sexual relationship. Traditionally, marriages have had a religious basis. In the modern, industrialized West, marriage is based on a legal contract. In the Bible, women occupied an inferior social position to the nearest male relations - fathers, brothers, or husbands. Marriages were usually arranged in the Bible by the parents.
Socrates Biography
Socrates was an ancient Greek philosopher who became very influential in the development of Greek philosophy and, thus, Western philosophy in general. The most extensive knowledge we have of him comes from Plato's many dialogues, but there is a little information about him in the historian Xenophon's Memorabilia, Apology and Symposium, and in Aristophanes' The Clouds and The Wasps. Socrates is best known for the dictum that only the examined life is worth living.
Socrates was an ancient Greek philosopher who became very influential in the development of Greek philosophy and, thus, Western philosophy in general. The most extensive knowledge we have of him comes from Plato's many dialogues, but there is a little information about him in the historian Xenophon's Memorabilia, Apology and Symposium, and in Aristophanes' The Clouds and The Wasps. Socrates is best known for the dictum that only the examined life is worth living.
Islam's Holy Days, Holidays
The Islamic calendar begins in the Western year 622 A.D. on the date which Muhammad and his closest companions moved from Mecca to Medina, known as the Hijra. During the twelve lunar months there are a number of important holidays, or holy days, including: Al-Hijra, Ashura, Mawlid al-Nabi, and Eid Al-Adhha. The term Eid is the Arabic term for festivity or celebration, and is only attached to a couple of holy days in the Muslim year.
The Islamic calendar begins in the Western year 622 A.D. on the date which Muhammad and his closest companions moved from Mecca to Medina, known as the Hijra. During the twelve lunar months there are a number of important holidays, or holy days, including: Al-Hijra, Ashura, Mawlid al-Nabi, and Eid Al-Adhha. The term Eid is the Arabic term for festivity or celebration, and is only attached to a couple of holy days in the Muslim year.
Iraq - Religion and Religious Violence in Iraq
Religion in Iraq: Index.
Religion in Iraq: Index.
Religion vs. Philosophy
Is religion just a type of philosophy? Is philosophy a religious activity? There seems to be some confusion at times over just whether and how religion and philosophy should be distinguished from each other - this confusion is not unjustified because there are some very strong similarities between the two.
Is religion just a type of philosophy? Is philosophy a religious activity? There seems to be some confusion at times over just whether and how religion and philosophy should be distinguished from each other - this confusion is not unjustified because there are some very strong similarities between the two.
Philosophy Overview
Philosophy is not the same as "life" - on the other hand, almost any other definition would seem to narrow. So just how are we supposed to approach the subject? It must be possible, otherwise no one would even be able to begin a study of philosophy. Or can they? What is Philosophy? How is philosophy defined? What does it mean to do philosophy? What are some of the important branches of philosophy?
Philosophy is not the same as "life" - on the other hand, almost any other definition would seem to narrow. So just how are we supposed to approach the subject? It must be possible, otherwise no one would even be able to begin a study of philosophy. Or can they? What is Philosophy? How is philosophy defined? What does it mean to do philosophy? What are some of the important branches of philosophy?
Ethics and Morality FAQ: Normative Ethics
Ethics FAQ: Normative Ethics, or the study of how we should behave and the sorts of moral standards we should employ in our lives.
Ethics FAQ: Normative Ethics, or the study of how we should behave and the sorts of moral standards we should employ in our lives.
What is Evolution? Is Evolution Scientific?
Evolution FAQ: What is Evolution? Is it science? Is it a theory? Is it a fact? What can we say about evolution and why?
Evolution FAQ: What is Evolution? Is it science? Is it a theory? Is it a fact? What can we say about evolution and why?
Leonardo Da Vinci: Detail of the Apostle John from the Last Supper, painting by Leondardo Da Vinci in 1498
Some people believe that John the Apostle, seated immediately to Jesus' right, isn't really John at all - instead, the figure here is really Mary Magdalene. According to Dan Brown's work of fiction The Da Vinci Code, secret revelations about the truth of Jesus Christ and Mary Magdalene are hidden throughout Leonardo's works (hence the 'code') and this is the most important one. Arguments on behalf of this idea include the claims that John has very effeminate features and swoons like a woman.
Some people believe that John the Apostle, seated immediately to Jesus' right, isn't really John at all - instead, the figure here is really Mary Magdalene. According to Dan Brown's work of fiction The Da Vinci Code, secret revelations about the truth of Jesus Christ and Mary Magdalene are hidden throughout Leonardo's works (hence the 'code') and this is the most important one. Arguments on behalf of this idea include the claims that John has very effeminate features and swoons like a woman.
Black Liberation Theology
The primary architect of Black Liberation Theology in North America is James Cone. A Protestant minister who grew up in Arkansas under the heavy hand of segregation, Cone observed first-hand the way white Christians treated blacks - even after desegregation was ordered by the federal government. The Christian messages of peace and brotherly love contrasted sharply with Christians’ bigoted behavior, and this left a lasting mark on Cone’s thinking.
The primary architect of Black Liberation Theology in North America is James Cone. A Protestant minister who grew up in Arkansas under the heavy hand of segregation, Cone observed first-hand the way white Christians treated blacks - even after desegregation was ordered by the federal government. The Christian messages of peace and brotherly love contrasted sharply with Christians’ bigoted behavior, and this left a lasting mark on Cone’s thinking.
Theseus: Images of Ancient Greek Mythology, Religion, Art
Theseus was one of the great legendary kings of Athens. The Temple of Hephaestus in Athens has, in the past, been called the Thession in the belief that it had been dedicated to him and, perhaps, had held his bones. Like other Greek heroes Theseus was the son of a mortal (Aethra) and an immortal (Olympian god Poseidon).
Theseus was one of the great legendary kings of Athens. The Temple of Hephaestus in Athens has, in the past, been called the Thession in the belief that it had been dedicated to him and, perhaps, had held his bones. Like other Greek heroes Theseus was the son of a mortal (Aethra) and an immortal (Olympian god Poseidon).
Quotes on Religion - George Carlin
Freethought Quotations: George Carlin.
Freethought Quotations: George Carlin.
Agnosticism 101: What is Agnosticism? Index of Documents and Articles
Agnosticism: what is it, what isn't it? How did Huxley originally define agnosticism? What did Spencer say the definition of agnosticism is? What is the difference between agnosticism and atheism?
Agnosticism: what is it, what isn't it? How did Huxley originally define agnosticism? What did Spencer say the definition of agnosticism is? What is the difference between agnosticism and atheism?
Zeus (as Eagle) and Gaymede: Images of Ancient Greek Mythology, Religion, Art
Although Zeus was well known for his dalliances with various women (and thus infuriating his wife, the goddess Hera), Zeus didn't limit himself to young women. At least once he also fell in love with a young boy: Ganymede, son of King Tros of Troy.
Although Zeus was well known for his dalliances with various women (and thus infuriating his wife, the goddess Hera), Zeus didn't limit himself to young women. At least once he also fell in love with a young boy: Ganymede, son of King Tros of Troy.
Science FAQ: Hypothesis, Theories and Facts
Science FAQ: In science, what is the difference between a hypothesis, a theory and a fact? Is a hypothesis the same as a theory or just a more tenative theory? When can theories be effectively the same as a fact?
Science FAQ: In science, what is the difference between a hypothesis, a theory and a fact? Is a hypothesis the same as a theory or just a more tenative theory? When can theories be effectively the same as a fact?
Jesus Calms the Storm
During the trip across the Sea of Galilee, a large storm comes up - so large that the boat threatens to sink after so much water has entered it. How Jesus manages to stay asleep though this is unknown, but traditional commentaries on the passage say that he slept deliberately in order to test the faith of the apostles. If that is the case, then they failed, because they were so scared that they woke Jesus up to find out whether he cared if they all drowned.
During the trip across the Sea of Galilee, a large storm comes up - so large that the boat threatens to sink after so much water has entered it. How Jesus manages to stay asleep though this is unknown, but traditional commentaries on the passage say that he slept deliberately in order to test the faith of the apostles. If that is the case, then they failed, because they were so scared that they woke Jesus up to find out whether he cared if they all drowned.
Baalbek Stone of the Pregnant Woman: Unbelievably Massive Stone in the Quarry Near Baalbek, Lebanon
The Baalbek trilithon is a set of three massive stone blocks which are part of the foundation of the Temple of Jupiter Baal in Baalbek. They are so large that people cannot imagine how they were cut and transported to the site. There is a fourth block still in the quarry which is three feet longer than the blocks in the trilithon and which is estimated to weigh 1,200 tons. Locals have named it Hajar el Gouble (Stone of the South) and Hajar el Hibla (Stone of the Pregnant Woman).
The Baalbek trilithon is a set of three massive stone blocks which are part of the foundation of the Temple of Jupiter Baal in Baalbek. They are so large that people cannot imagine how they were cut and transported to the site. There is a fourth block still in the quarry which is three feet longer than the blocks in the trilithon and which is estimated to weigh 1,200 tons. Locals have named it Hajar el Gouble (Stone of the South) and Hajar el Hibla (Stone of the Pregnant Woman).
Saint Paul, the Thirteenth Apostle: Why Did Paul Call Himself an Apostle When He Never Met Jesus?
Paul insisted on using the title apostle despite never having met Jesus and never being called personally by Jesus. Paul claimed that the resurrected Jesus spoke to him and called him at that time. Taking the title apostle has clear political implications because the original apostles would have had the greatest authority within the growing Christian movement. They were, after all, the ones who had personally known and personally been called by Jesus.
Paul insisted on using the title apostle despite never having met Jesus and never being called personally by Jesus. Paul claimed that the resurrected Jesus spoke to him and called him at that time. Taking the title apostle has clear political implications because the original apostles would have had the greatest authority within the growing Christian movement. They were, after all, the ones who had personally known and personally been called by Jesus.
Judas Iscariot the Apostle: Who Was Judas Iscariot? Why Did Judas Betray Jesus? Should Judas be a Saint?
Judas Iscariot is known as the companion of Jesus who betrayed him - but what and how did he betray? That isn't clear. He points out Jesus in the Garden of Gethsemane. This is hardly an action worthy of payment because Jesus wasn't exactly in hiding. In John, he doesn't even do that much. Judas doesn't actually do anything except fulfill the narrative and eschatological need for the Messiah to be betrayed by someone.
Judas Iscariot is known as the companion of Jesus who betrayed him - but what and how did he betray? That isn't clear. He points out Jesus in the Garden of Gethsemane. This is hardly an action worthy of payment because Jesus wasn't exactly in hiding. In John, he doesn't even do that much. Judas doesn't actually do anything except fulfill the narrative and eschatological need for the Messiah to be betrayed by someone.
Fertile Crescent: Profile
The Fertile Crescent begins in what is now southern Iraq where the Tigris and Euphrates rivers empty into the Persian Gulf. It extends north along with the rivers, turns westward in what was ancient Assyria, and then turns back south in what is modern Syria. The Fertile Crescent then extends down into southern Palestine; sometimes the Nile River region is included in the Fertile Crescent despite the fact that it and southern Palestine are separated by the distinctly un-fertile Sinai peninsula.
The Fertile Crescent begins in what is now southern Iraq where the Tigris and Euphrates rivers empty into the Persian Gulf. It extends north along with the rivers, turns westward in what was ancient Assyria, and then turns back south in what is modern Syria. The Fertile Crescent then extends down into southern Palestine; sometimes the Nile River region is included in the Fertile Crescent despite the fact that it and southern Palestine are separated by the distinctly un-fertile Sinai peninsula.
Emergency Contraception
There is a growing movement of pharmacists who want the right to refuse to fill prescriptions for birth control pills, especially for the purpose of emergency contraception (also known as Plan B or morning after pills) arguing that the pills may 'terminate pregnancies' and they don't want to be complicit in abortions. The problem is, though, that this requires a rhetorically useful but nevertheless dishonest change to the definition of 'pregnancy.'
There is a growing movement of pharmacists who want the right to refuse to fill prescriptions for birth control pills, especially for the purpose of emergency contraception (also known as Plan B or morning after pills) arguing that the pills may 'terminate pregnancies' and they don't want to be complicit in abortions. The problem is, though, that this requires a rhetorically useful but nevertheless dishonest change to the definition of 'pregnancy.'